1. United States
2. Mo.
3. Letter

Trump demonstrates a low cognitive ability. A 2017 analysis by language researchers found his speeches often fall around a 4th–6th grade reading level, which is lower than most recent presidents demonstrated by the basic word choice and over repetition of these words and phrases: • “Tremendous” • “Beautiful” (used for everything—plans, borders, clean coal, etc.) • “Like you’ve never seen before” / “like nobody’s ever seen” • “Believe me” • “A lot of people are saying…” • “Many, many people…” • “The likes of which nobody has ever seen” • “Make no mistake” • “Very, very [adjective]” (e.g., “very, very strong”) • “So [adjective]” (“so great,” “so incredible”) • Doubling words: “big, big,” “strong, strong,” “great, great” • “Nobody knows [topic] better than me” • “I’ve said it many times” • “He/She is a low IQ person”